Have you ever considered that brushing and flossing could be doing more than just keeping your mouth healthy? Recent research reveals a surprising connection that seems to go from oral care into cognitive well-being. It’s no longer just about cavities or bleeding gums; the well-being of your mouth could very well be a major factor for the health of your brain.
So, let’s dive into the details and explore the potential link between gum disease and an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
Gum disease
Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a common and potentially serious condition that affects the tissues supporting teeth. It typically begins with the accumulation of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, on the teeth.
Over time, if not adequately removed through proper oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, plaque can harden into tartar, leading to inflammation of the gums. This initial stage, known as gingivitis, is characterised by redness, swelling and bleeding of the gums.
If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, where the inflammation extends to the supporting structures of the teeth, potentially causing tooth loss.
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterised by the gradual decline of cognitive functions, primarily affecting memory, thinking and reasoning abilities. Alzheimer’s is the most common cause of dementia, and its symptoms evolve from mild memory loss to severe cognitive impairment, significantly interfering with daily life.
The hallmark brain changes in Alzheimer’s involve the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits—specifically beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles. These deposits disrupt communication between brain cells, ultimately leading to their degeneration.
Other risk factors for Alzheimer’s include age, genetics, lifestyle choices and other health conditions. Consulting with healthcare professionals is crucial for understanding your individual risk profile and taking preventive measures.
Seniors’ well-being in Australia
It’s startling to learn that 51% of individuals aged 55–74 and 69% of those aged 75 years suffer from moderate or severe gum disease (AIHW 2017-2018). Additionally, it is estimated that around 401,300 people are living with dementia in Australia (AIHW 2022). While there’s a common belief that dementia leads to improper oral hygiene, emerging evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship—gum disease potentially plays a role in the onset of Alzheimer’s.
Research insights
Researchers have long acknowledged the influence of a healthy body on cognitive well-being. Recent studies, such as the U.S. Pointer study conducted by the Alzheimer’s Association, are digging deeper into the impact of lifestyle interventions, including oral health, on the risk of cognitive decline among older adults.
A central focus of these studies is gum disease, specifically periodontitis, which affects up to half of all adults. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) led an analysis linking bacteria associated with periodontal disease to the development of Alzheimer’s and related dementias. This research emphasises the necessity of exploring preventive measures against gum disease for its potential impact on cognitive health.
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)
The mouth is home to about 700 bacterial species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a bacterium known to contribute to chronic gum disease. Recent studies suggest that P. gingivalis may be present in the brains of some Alzheimer’s patients, raising the possibility of a link between gum disease and cognitive decline. While the exact mechanisms remain under investigation, research suggests P. gingivalis may play a role in the formation of Alzheimer’s-associated pathologies like tau tangles and amyloid plaques.
Strikingly, when mice were exposed to this oral bacteria, they exhibited proteins similar to those linked with Alzheimer’s disease. This suggests a potential mechanism by which gum disease may contribute to the development of cognitive decline.
Tau protein and neurofibrillary tangles
Further research highlights how gum disease influences brain function. Within the intricate network of nerve cells in the brain resides a protein known as tau. When this tau protein comes into contact with gingipains (enzymes released by P. gingivalis), it experiences significant changes and forms neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary tangles are bundles of twisted filaments within neurons, and over time, the neuron undergoes degeneration and eventually dies.
Formation of amyloid-beta plaques
Another part of the research explores how gingipains contribute to the formation of amyloid-beta plaques. Amyloid-beta plaques, in conjunction with neurofibrillary tangles, represent distinctive lesions or abnormalities observed in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. Gingipains may interfere with the clearance of beta-amyloid, eventually leading to the formation of these plaques within the brain. The process disrupts cell-to-cell communication, activating immune cells that, in turn, initiate inflammation. This inflammatory response ultimately leads to the destruction of brain cells.
Oral care tips
Finding out about the connection between gum disease and Alzheimer’s may be the gentle nudge we each need to put oral care front and centre for ourselves and our loved ones. As cognitive decline progresses, friends or family members may find maintaining daily dental hygiene and attending dental visits increasingly difficult. This is particularly hard for individuals who may struggle to fully understand these activities. Here’s how you can help:
Simplified steps
Break down tooth brushing into simple, manageable steps—from holding the toothbrush to spitting into the sink. These bite-sized directions make a world of difference, especially as memory fades.
Guiding hands
Whether using the “watch me” method to demonstrate tooth brushing or employing the “tell-show-do” technique, patience is the secret weapon. Resistance may arise, but adapting and persevering through these methods can yield success.
Timing and location
Timing matters too! Clean teeth at least twice a day, ideally, after the last meal or liquid medication dose. And forget the confines of the bathroom—set up an area where your loved one feels most comfortable and relaxed.
Choose the right tools
Choosing the right tools can enhance the oral care experience. Consider a children’s toothbrush with soft bristles for comfort or one with a long handle for ease of use. Experimenting with different brushes might reveal the one that feels just right. For complete oral care, don’t forget the floss.
Denture care
For those with dentures, rinsing with plain water after meals, daily brushing to remove stuck-on food and a nightly soak in a cleanser or mouthwash maintain optimal denture hygiene.
Collaborate with your dentist
Engaging with the dentist becomes a crucial ally. Informing them about dementia, sharing effective oral care strategies and attending regular dental visits contribute to preventing potential issues.
Inform your dentist about your loved one’s condition, share oral care strategies that work and maintain regular dental visits. This is all part of a proactive approach in preventing toothaches and potential oral infections.
Comprehensive care
Maintaining cognitive health involves a holistic approach. Alongside good oral care, a balanced diet, regular exercise and mental stimulation contribute significantly to overall brain health. A well-rounded lifestyle that addresses physical, nutritional and cognitive aspects is key to promoting and preserving cognitive well-being.
Fostering cognitive vitality
In wrapping up, the potential link between gum disease and Alzheimer’s shines a light on the crucial role of oral health in our overall well-being. Simple yet impactful habits like regular brushing, faithful flossing and keeping up with dental check-ups can go a long way in not just maintaining a dazzling smile but also adding extra defence against potential cognitive challenges.
Let’s make thoughtful choices today to champion our oral health, paving the way for a healthier and brighter tomorrow filled with vitality and resilience.
